Background for Ireland?

hvornår skal du bruge det? har selv skrevet en lille(5-siders) rapport om emnet, kan prøve at kopiere den herind i morgen hvis det er tids nok?

kan ikke helt finde ud af hvor jeg har lagt det - tror måske det er på min bruger på skolen - i så fald sender jeg det til dig her på mandag - hvis du stadig kan bruge det ellers er mine kilder:
http://www.eire.dk/ira
http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/europe/ireland/historytimeline.html
http://hjem.get2net.dk/kallesoe/kallesoe/Irland.htm
http://www.mennekseret.dk/tema/krigogkonlikt/Nordirland/tidslinie

det kan være du selv kan finde det på disse sider
især står der meget på siden www.eire.dk - der er både engelske og danke afsnit:)

så har jeg fundet den:) jeg har ikke tilføjet min lærers rettelser, så den er ikke fejlfri, men fik da 10/11 for sprog og 11 for indhold... håber du kan bruge det:

The roots of the conflict
It is very hard to tell when the conflict started as it depends on when you decide to call it a conflict. Most people will say that the real conflict did not start until 1968-1969, but to find its background you have to go way back in time. I have chosen to concentrate on the historic events which I think are of greatest relevance when you want to understand the conflict. When you speak of Ireland, the northern part is very often called Ulster and the southern part is called Eire. The Protestants in Ireland are often generalized as the loyalists and the Irish Catholics are often generalized as nationalists and republicans. I will start in 1169 where invaders were sent to Ireland by the English Henry II . However, the reel colonization did not begin until the 16th century during the reign of Henry VIII. The Englishmen made colonies and drew the Catholics away from their territory and an English control was established through the military. In 1536 Henry VIII became the Supreme Head of the church as a result of a dispute between him and the pope. Now the military actually controlled the foundation of the Catholics’ lives, and the suppression got worse. New colonies and settlers were now mainly Protestants.
At the beginning of the 17th century you may speak of the plantation of Ulster. Till now, Eire had been the part of Ireland that was mostly controlled by the English, but rebellions in Ulster against the English reign led by O’Neill (Earl of Tyrconnell) and O’Donnell (Earl of Tyrconnell) was now defeated to bring Ulster under control. Afterwards, in 1607, Irish land was confiscated and given to colonists . All Irish territory was now ruled by England.
In 1641 there was a big Irish rebellion against England. Almost half of the population died of hunger, war, or illness. The rebellion was repulsed by Cromwell in 1651 and in 1653 he introduced a number of rules to hold down the Catholics which left them with no human rights at all. The Catholic religion was banned and everyone had to pay tithe to the Anglican Church.
On July 12th 1685 the king of England was James II. He was a Catholic, and he wanted to make the empire catholic again. Unfortunately, the English nobility was not interested in this. Therefore, they invited the Dutch prince William III to England in 1689 to be the English king which led to the battle of Boyne on July 12th 1690. It was a battle between James and William which was won by William. Through the 18th century there were more battles between Catholics and Protestants but all of them were won by the Protestants. In year 1800 the United Kingdom was formed of Ireland, Scotland England and Wales.
In the years 1845-1851 Ireland suffered from The Great Hunger, because of overdependence on potato crop. It made many Catholics emigrate to USA and Canada as they were not welcome in England .
In 1916 the Easer rising took place. At this time England were very engaged in World War I. Therefore, the Nationalists tried to make use of the situation. They occupied the post office in Dublin, but as the weapon, they were supposed to defend themselves with, never arrived because the English had taken the ship with weapon into arrest, it did not hold. Therefore, the occupation did not last for more than 6 days. The founder of Sinn Féin participated in this rebellion and he was sent to prison afterwards. He founded Sinn Féin as he got out and he won the election in 1918 with a majority of 75 %. Instead of entering the parliament he declared Ireland an independent republic.
In 1949 the republic of Ireland became a reality in the law called the Ireland Act, in which it also was stated that Ulster remained British governed .

hvis der står nogle uforståelige tal, er det nok bare mine fodnoter...

The troubles
In 1969 a kind of war broke out and the conflict in Northern Ireland really escalated. This is the reason why many people do not call it a conflict until this year. This war is often referred to as “the troubles”. The troubles were primarily the IRA fighting against the British military and government.
In 1969 after several fights between nationalists and loyalists, the British government send troops to Belfast. This year the IRA campaign restarted.
On January 30th 1972 British troops shot 13 unarmed civil rights demonstrators in Derry; this was called “Bloody Sunday”. None of the British soldiers were ever prosecuted.
IRA retaliated upon the English on July 21st 1972. They exploded 26 bombs, which killed 11 people and injured 130 within 40 minutes. This day is called “bloody Friday”. The year 1972 was the bloodiest of them all during the conflict as 472 died this year as a result of the troubles .
The troubles continued for several years with lots of destruction. The consequences were the loss of several human lives both in the war and in prison because of hunger strikes.
In 1985 the Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed. It gave the parliament in Dublin more influence in future questions about Northern Ireland. In 1995 the British troops were pulled out of Ireland, but the IRA continued there actions.
In 1998 The Good Friday Agreement was signed to declare peace in Northern Ireland5.



The Irish Republican Army (IRA)

The IRA has its origin in the republican party of Ireland Sinn Féin. Sinn Féin fought for an independent Irish republic and they achieved a great majority in the election in 1918. After the election the party founded an independent Irish parliament in 1919. The British government did not support the new democracy and they declared war against it.
From these riots the IRA came into existence as a military wing of the Sinn Féin.
In 1921 negotiations led to a treaty which departed Ireland. Eire was now considered a self-governing republic but the northern part of Ireland also called Ulster remained British. However, Northern Ireland was allowed their own parliament. The division of Ireland divided the IRA too. One wing became the army of Eire and the other wing kept fighting as the IRA to make Northern Ireland independent too. The two wings ended up fighting against each other, which led to the defeat of the IRA.
IRA reorganized in the late 1920s and continued fighting against the British government through the 20s and 30s but without any notable effect.
In 1949 Eire was declared independent, and the division of Ireland was strengthened. At this time all parties of the Irish parliament declared themselves opponents of the division. However, the campaign against the division did not seem to have any effect.
Then IRA got weapons, and in the years 1956-62 they made armed attacks on the British military.
The following years the IRA did not seem to be very active, but after the troubles in 1969 they reorganized again in two different wings. Under the name Provisional IRA (PIRA) a Marxist wing of IRA was founded. Their tactic was to cause as much destruction as possible. The other wing was the Official IRA (OIRA). This wing was also militant at the beginning, but in 1972 they gave up the use of violence.
After Bloody Sunday the IRA got new members, which led to more destruction as the movement became much bigger.
However, in August 1994 IRA gave up the use of violence. Unfortunately, this truce did only last for about a year as Protestant marches in 1995 provoked the IRA to start violent fights again. Finally, they declared a truce again in 1997, which still holds today. IRA supports the peace agreement .

The current situation in Northern Ireland

Many people seem to know very little about the conflict. Most people think that the conflict is about religion, but actually it is more accurate for the involved to call it a political conflict. The problem is that republicans want to make Ireland “whole” by reunifying Ulster with Eire. The loyalists want the opposite – to keep Ulster as a part of England. The reason that people think of it as a religious conflict is that Ireland was catholic when the country was divided. Therefore, it is often the Catholics who want it to be reunified. The English settlers were Protestants, and as they often are the ones who want Ulster to be a part of England they are considered loyalists. It is not wrong to see it this way, but it is not because of their religion they have different attitudes toward the division of Ireland .
Today there is a truce in Northern Ireland but the conflict has not just disappeared with the peace agreement. The agreement has stopped the violent actions but the Northern Irish people are still disagreeing about whether they shall be English or Irish. Social differences in Northern Ireland are the most dominant part of the conflict. Many of the republicans – the Catholics live in slum districts. The Catholics are still suppressed by the English, but nobody seems to care as England is considered a democratic country . The conflict has it roots way back in time, and that might be why it is so hard to make it end.
Conclusion

Many people are unaware of the magnitude of the conflict in Northern Ireland. People do not know what the conflict really is about and how it started and how big consequences it has had. Most people have misunderstood the conflict, as they believe that it is religious, but it is really based on a political question; whether Northern Ireland shall be a part of Ireland or England. During the conflict, many Catholics have been suppressed by the English and they have lived under miserable conditions, as the Protestantism was considered the “right” religion. The roots of the conflict are very deep, as it is to be traced back to the 10th century or maybe even earlier. However, the “real” war, called “the troubles” did not start until the late 1960s.
The troubles were primarily a war between the British government and the Irish resistance movement the IRA. The IRA fought for Northern Ireland to be a pert of Ireland instead of England.
The conflict has caused a lot of destruction in Northern Ireland which have led to the loss of many lives. Nowadays, there are still sign of the conflict, as it does not seem to be over yet. Many Catholics still live under poor conditions in Northern Ireland, as it still is the Protestants, who rule the country.
Unfortunately, the conflict is so big that it is hard to say what can be done to make it end.